Dalu (kingdom) of Cibal was located on the island of Flores, prov. Nusa Tenggara Timur. Cibal was a kingdom of the Manggarai People.
Location of the island of Flores
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Island of Flores
Foto kingdoms on Flores
* Foto kings today on Flores: link
* Foto kings on Flores in the past: link
* Foto island of Flores in the past: link
* Foto old sites on Flores: link
* Foto region of Manggarai: link
Line of kingdoms on Flores: link
Video history Flores and NTT, 50.000 BC – today: link
DALU CIBAL
About the Dalu in the Manggarai region
Robert MZ Lawang of the University of Indonesia (UI), mentions, that Todo was one of 3 Dalu, located in West Manggarai, which was directly under the control of the ‘king of Naib’. The Naib king was the representative of the Sultan of Bima and he was located in Reo and Pota, North Manggarai. The other 2 Dalu were Cibal and Bajo.
Dalu was an administrative system of the Sultanate of Bima that was associated with tax withdrawal in the form of slaves (taki mendi tax). In 1660, hundreds of Manggarai workers supplied by Bima arrived in Batavia to be employed as Dutch slaves. Manggarai workers who were described as good-hearted, hard-working and cheap-paid workers. Below the Dalu, there wa the ‘gelarang’ which was the head of the lower administrative area. The Dalu and Gelarang, are Bima’s remains in the socio-political structure of the Manggarai region.
Cibal in the western region of Manggarai was called Dalu Cibal. In the map of Bima’s administration, Dalu Ciball was direct-controlled “naib Reo”. Dalu refered to the people and territory of his power. In the past, there were three big Dalu: Cibal, Todo and Bajo, because they were directly under the naib.
History of the kingdom of Cibal
Cibal was a Dalu (kingdom) in the Manggarai region of the island of Flores.
In the 1700s or perhaps earlier, in Manggarai there was a system of government from three large groups of people, namely Todo, Cibal and Bajo (Daeng 1995).
In 1732 there was an alliance with Bajo to attack Reo from the sea and drive out the Makassarese in Reo. However, this attack failed, and Todo was asked to help. Todo used this opportunity to gain hegemony and influence over the interior of Manggarai by conquering local rulers in the interior.
The rising hegemony of Dalu Todo was apparently disliked by the Dalu Cibal which considered Dalu Todo was not the original Manggarai but Minangkabau descendants. The rivalry between these two Dalus then resulted in several open wars which were then won by Dalu Todo. These wars were (18th century):
* Weol war I,
* Weol II war won by Todo so that the boundary of Todo’s kingdom was no longer up at Wae Ras near Cancar, but went until Beo Kina (North Rahong),
* Bea Loli war in Cibal. In the war of Bea Loli, Cibal again lost.
* Adana Tana Dena was. Due to war of Adak Tanah Dena, the boundary of Todo-Pongkor was extended to Watu Jaji.
In 1907 the Dutch entered Manggarai and wanted to establish a civil authority center in Todo. However, due to its unfavorable topography, they moved to Puni, Ruteng. The Dutch officially conquered Manggarai in 1908.
When the Dutch began to master Manggarai, the king of Todo, Kraeng Tamur, (1914-2924) moved to Puni.
In the course of its history, the Dutch saw Manggarai, including Wae Mokel awon (east border) and Sape Strait salen (western border) as a unified whole. No more Cibal, no more Todo, no more Bajo, it was now called Manggarai.
In 1925, through a decree from the Netherlands, Manggarai became a kingdom and someone of the Todo-Pongkor people became the first king, King Bagung of Pongkor.
Kingdoms on Flores (incl. Cibal), 17/18th century
History of the region of Manggarai
The article below was written by Vianney Andro Prasetyo, an alumni of the Australian National University.
Source: http://www.floresa.co/2016/05/02/potret-sejarah-manggarai-dalam-sejarah-nusantara-sebuah-studi-literatur/
The western area of Flores (Manggarai) in the past was ruled by the Bima Kingdom until early 1900. Bima became the Islamic Kingdom because of the influence of the Sultanate of Gowa which embraced Islam in 1605 and later formed the Sultanate of Makassar. Bima which was conquered by Gowa converted to Islam. As a conquered area, Bima send tribute to the Gowa ruler.
This situation lasted until the year 1667 when there was the Bungaya Agreement between the VOC and the Kingdom of Gowa which at that time controlled Bandar Makassar. Gowa which felt harmed by the treaty, continued to fight under Sultan Hasanuddin’s leadership until it was finally defeated by the VOC in 1669. This war is known as the War of Makassar (1666-1669).
Areas that managed to escape from the power of Gowa due to this agreement and war were Makassar, Bone and Bima. In 1669, Bima subsequently surrendered and signed a trade agreement with the VOC. Furthermore, Bima became the sole ruler of Manggarai recognized by the VOC (Daeng 1995).
In the 1700s or perhaps earlier, in Manggarai there was a system of government from three large groups of people, namely Todo, Cibal and Bajo. In 1727, a son of the Sultan of Bima married a Princess from the Sultanate of Makassar, Daughter Daughter Tamima.
Manggarai area was later handed over as a wedding present and daughter Daeng Tamima established the Islamic Kingdom in Reo, north coast of Manggarai. Sultan Musa Lani Alima from Bima did not agree to make Manggarai as a gift to the Sultanate of Makassar. So in 1732 there was an alliance with Bajo to attack Reo from the sea and drive out the Makassarese in Reo. However, this attack failed to create a new force with the help of Todo from the south (Daeng 1995).
Todo used this opportunity to gain hegemony and influence over the interior of Manggarai by conquering local rulers. Due to unequal power, Daughter Daeng Tamima finally surrendered and returned to Makassar. Thus the influence of Bima on Manggarai could still be maintained.
After securing power in Manggarai, Bima made Reo the center of government in Manggarai by appointing a representative of Sultan Bima called Naib. Representatives of the Sultan of Bima were also placed in Labuan Bajo, Pota and Bari. In Manggarai, the Sultanate of Bima spearheaded a system of government called kedaluan and gelarang. Gelarang had a status under the Daeng (Daeng 1995).
In 1732, there were representatives of the Sultan of Bima in Reo, Pota, Bari and Labuan Bajo, three large dalu; Todo, Cibal and Bajo who had no coordination relationship with Naib in Reo and also other small dalu. Furthermore, Dalu Todo also oversaw thirteen smaller dalu: Kolang, Lelak, Wontong, Welak, Ndoso, Ndeles, Rahong, Ruteng, Poco Leok, Torok Golo, Sita, Riwu and Manus, but still paid tribute to the Naib in Reo. Meanwhile, Dalu Cibal and Dalu Bajo did not oversaw other small dalu but also paid tribute to Naib in Reo (Daeng 1995).
Persons who had a coordinated relationship with Naib in Reo were Ruis, Pasat, Nggalak, Rego, Boyfriend, Boleng, Kempo, Nggorang, Mburak, Lo’ok and Lambaleda. Meanwhile, the depths that were in the coordinate line with Naib in Pota are Congkar, Biting and Rembong (Daeng 1995). In its development, the Manggarai area was divided into 38 genera (Steenbrink 2013).
In 1925, through a decree from the Netherlands, Manggarai became a kingdom and someone from the Todo-Pongkor people became the first king, King Bagung of Pongkor.
The Kingdom of Manggarai was made up of 38 dalu. Along with the appointment of King Bagung, the Netherlands also sent Kraeng Alexander Baruk to Manado.
Alexander Baruk was the son of Kraeng Tamur, king of Todo. In 1931/1932, Alexander Baruk came back from his school. He was appointed as king of Manggarai. However, since the king Bagung was still alive, there were two kings. King Bagung as “raja bicara” and the one who was responsible, was King Baruk.
The power of both ended when both died. King Bagung died 1947. Meanwhile, King Baruk died 1949. Later, both were replaced by Kraeng Langkas or Kraeng.
Source Cibal (only indon. language)
– Sejarah kerajaan Cibal: http://www.floresa.co/2016/05/02/potret-sejarah-manggarai-dalam-sejarah-nusantara-sebuah-studi-literatur/
– Sejarah kerajaan Cibal: http://www.floresa.co/2015/08/13/sejarah-kekuasaan-di-manggarai-raya-dari-perang-todo-vs-cibal-hingga-pilkada-langsung/
Source Manggarai (only indon. language)
– Sejarah kekuasaan Manggarai Raya: http://www.floresa.co/2015/08/13/sejarah-kekuasaan-di-manggarai-raya-dari-perang-todo-vs-cibal-hingga-pilkada-langsung/
– Sejarah Manggarai: http://angelinhomenggot.blogspot.co.id/2014/04/kabupaten-manggarai-sejarah.html
– Suku Manggarai: http://www.wisataflores.com/2015/03/orang-manggarai-bagian-pertama.html
– Tentang wilayah adat Flores, Dalu: http://suku-dunia.blogspot.co.id/2014/12/sejarah-suku-manggarai.html
– Manggarai pernah miliki 6 raja: link
– Sejarah Manggarai: http://kraengadhy.blogspot.co.id/2009/05/sekilas-sejarah-manggarai.html
– Keturunan Raja Manggarai hadir pengobatan sultan Bima: link.
Kesultanan dan Kerajaan di Indonesia 